LLP vs Pte Ltd vs LP in Singapore (2026): Choosing the Right Business Structure
Published on: 11 Jun, 2026

Singapore offers three popular legal structures for business: the Private Limited Company (Pte Ltd), the Limited Liability Partnership (LLP), and the Limited Partnership (LP). Each is governed by a different statute, taxed differently, and suited to a different kind of venture. Choosing the wrong structure at the start can cost tens of thousands of dollars in restructuring fees later — and worse, lose tax incentives or investor interest.

This 2026 comparison guide walks through how the three vehicles actually differ, with the side-by-side criteria most founders need: liability, tax treatment, compliance burden, fundraising, and exit options.

Quick comparison table

Feature Pte Ltd LLP LP
Governing Act Companies Act 1967 Limited Liability Partnerships Act 2005 Limited Partnerships Act 2008
Separate legal entity Yes Yes No
Min. members 1 shareholder, 1 director 2 partners, 1 manager 1 GP + 1 LP
Max. members 50 shareholders (private) No limit No limit
Liability Limited to share capital Limited to capital contribution GP unlimited; LP limited
Tax 17% corporate; partial exemption Tax-transparent Tax-transparent
Audit If exceeds small company thresholds No statutory audit No statutory audit
Annual ACRA fee S$60 S$30 S$160
Set-up cost (ACRA) S$315 S$115 S$175
Best for Operating businesses, fundraising Professional partnerships Funds, syndicates

Pte Ltd — the default choice

The Singapore Private Limited Company (Pte Ltd) is governed by the Companies Act 1967 and is by far the most common structure. It is a separate legal entity, owns assets in its own name, and shareholders enjoy limited liability capped at their unpaid share capital.

Key features:

  • Up to 50 shareholders for private status; more than 50 turns it into a public company.
  • At least one director who is ordinarily resident in Singapore.
  • A company secretary must be appointed within six months (see our AGM Requirements guide).
  • Corporate tax at 17% with Start-Up Tax Exemption (SUTE) and partial tax exemption available — see our Singapore Corporate Tax 2026 guide.
  • Eligible for nearly all government grants and tax incentives — EDG, PSG, MRA, PCI, DEI, EIS, Section 13H VC fund incentive.
  • Eligible structure for raising venture capital, listing on SGX, and accepting external investors.

Choose a Pte Ltd if: you want to scale, raise capital, or eventually exit. It is also required for most regulated activities (MAS-licensed entities, regulated education providers, food and beverage chains).

LLP — for professional service firms

The Limited Liability Partnership is governed by the Limited Liability Partnerships Act 2005. It combines the operational flexibility of a partnership with the limited liability of a company. The LLP is a separate legal entity but is taxed as a partnership.

Key features:

  • At least two partners (individuals or corporates).
  • At least one manager ordinarily resident in Singapore.
  • No statutory audit requirement.
  • Partners are NOT personally liable for partnership debts beyond their capital — except for their own wrongful acts.
  • Tax-transparent: each partner is taxed on their share of LLP profits at their own marginal rate (individuals at 0%–24%; corporates at 17%).
  • Annual declaration of solvency required on BizFile+.

Choose an LLP if: you are a professional services partnership (law, accounting, consulting, architecture) where partner identities matter but you want personal protection against another partner’s negligence. LLPs are particularly common for two-to-five-partner small practices.

Avoid an LLP if: you want to raise venture capital (most investors won’t invest into an LLP), apply for most government grants (many grants are Pte Ltd-only), or qualify for the Start-Up Tax Exemption (only Pte Ltds qualify).

LP — for funds and investor syndicates

The Limited Partnership, governed by the Limited Partnerships Act 2008, is a hybrid: a general partner (GP) runs the business with unlimited liability, and one or more limited partners (LPs) put in capital with liability capped at their contribution. The LP is not a separate legal entity — a critical contractual distinction.

Key features:

  • One GP (unlimited liability) plus one or more LPs (limited liability).
  • LPs must remain passive — taking part in management voids their limited liability.
  • Tax-transparent: each partner taxed on their share of LP income.
  • No statutory audit unless triggered by the LP agreement or by MAS for licensed funds.
  • Often used as the carry vehicle for fund principals.

Choose an LP if: you are setting up a closed-end investment fund, a property syndicate, a family investment partnership, or a fund-manager carry vehicle. See our dedicated Section 13H VC fund incentive guide for fund-side tax considerations.

For fund vehicles specifically, the Variable Capital Company (VCC) often supersedes the LP — see our VCC setup guide and VCC sub-funds guide.

Tax comparison in practice

Consider a business expecting S$200,000 of pre-tax profit in YA 2026, with two founders splitting profits 50/50. Assume each founder has no other Singapore income.

  • Pte Ltd: Partial tax exemption applies. Effective tax: approximately S$8,500 (4.25%). Founders draw post-tax dividends, which are tax-exempt in their hands. Net to founders: S$191,500.
  • LLP / LP: Each founder pays personal tax on S$100,000 of share. Marginal rate approx. S$5,650 each = S$11,300 total. Net to founders: S$188,700.

The Pte Ltd is roughly S$2,800 better off in this example. As profits grow, the tax efficiency of the Pte Ltd widens — especially when the company qualifies for SUTE in years 1–3.

However, at very low profit levels (under S$30,000), the LLP/LP may be slightly better because personal income tax kicks in only beyond the S$20,000 personal threshold. For mature businesses targeting S$500k+ profit, the Pte Ltd dominates.

Fundraising and exit options

Pte Ltds dominate because most external investors only invest into them:

  • Pte Ltd: Can issue preference shares, convertible notes, SAFEs, ESOPs; can list on SGX; can sell shares to acquirers; can re-domicile under Section 358A. See our Convertible Notes & SAFEs guide and our ESOP guide.
  • LLP: No share capital, no preference shares, no listed market. Investors can only join as partners, which exposes them to the partnership tax regime.
  • LP: External capital is welcome — that’s the whole point — but the structure is rarely understood by non-fund investors. Banks and customers prefer dealing with a Pte Ltd.

Conversion paths

Singapore allows several conversions between structures:

  • Sole proprietorship → Pte Ltd: common and straightforward (new incorporation + asset transfer).
  • LLP → Pte Ltd: requires incorporating the Pte Ltd and transferring assets / contracts. No direct statutory conversion.
  • LP → Pte Ltd: same as above. Tax-transparent character disappears at conversion.
  • Pte Ltd → LLP: rare. Requires winding up the company.
  • Pte Ltd → Public Company: see our Private to Public conversion guide.

Tax consequences of conversion can be material — particularly for fixed-asset bases and unutilised losses. Engage a tax adviser before triggering a conversion.

Decision framework

  1. Are you raising external capital? If yes → Pte Ltd.
  2. Is the business a regulated activity? If yes (MAS, MOH, MOE, F&B) → Pte Ltd.
  3. Is this a closed-end fund or syndicate? If yes → LP (or VCC).
  4. Is this a professional services partnership of 2–5? If yes → LLP.
  5. Else → Pte Ltd by default.

Official references

For international founders relocating to Singapore, our sister site Singapore Secretary Services publishes regular structure comparisons, and Little Big Red Dot covers the Singapore relocation context.

Picking the right structure is one of the cheapest decisions you’ll make in the life of a business — and one of the most expensive to undo. Map it to your fundraising plan, exit plan, and tax profile, not just the lowest setup fee.

— The Editorial Team, Raffles Corporate Services